Context Menopause, the permanent cessation of menses, reflects oocyte depletion and loss
of gonadal steroids. It is preceded by a transition state, the perimenopause, which is …

Perimenopause is an important stage of female senescence. Epidemiological investigation
has shown that the incidence of cardiovascular disease in premenopausal women is lower …

Multiple changes occur across various endocrine systems as an individual ages. The
understanding of the factors that cause age-related changes and how they should be …

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
and some other vascular diseases. ED has been demonstrated in patients with …

Over two-thirds of individuals aged 65 and older are obese or overweight in the United
States. Epidemiological data show an association between the degree of adiposity and …

Coronary microvascular disease (CMD), which affects the arterioles and capillary
endothelium that regulate myocardial perfusion, is an increasingly recognized source of …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally for men and women.
Premenopausal women have a lower incidence of hypertension and other cardiovascular …

Sex hormone receptors are expressed throughout the vasculature and play an important
role in the modulation of blood pressure in health and disease. The functions of these …

Endothelial cells (ECs) maintain the health of blood vessels and prevent the development of
cardiovascular disease (CVD). Free saturated fatty acids (FAs) induce EC damage and …

The pathogenesis of obesity-associated cardiovascular diseases begins long prior to the
presentation of a cardiovascular event. In both men and women, cardiovascular events, and …