Introduction Despite the growing number of different therapeutic options, treatment of
depression is still a challenge. A broader perspective reveals the benefits of bright light …

Behavioral strategies for survival rely on the updates the brain continuously makes based on
the surrounding environment. External stimuli—neutral, positive, and negative—relay core …

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) sends projections to numerous brain regions and is
believed to play a significant role in depression and anxiety. One of the key downstream …

Background The hypothalamus, a small yet crucial neuroanatomical structure, integrates
external (eg, environmental) and internal (eg, physiological/hormonal) stimuli. This …

Langley [1] first reported that nicotine induces the short-term stimulation and subsequent
long-term blockade of skeletal muscle, and concluded that it interacted with a receptive …

The habenula (Hb) is a small bilateral brain structure that resides within the limbic system, a
dense interconnected network that regulates motivation, emotion, learning, and memory [1] …

Opioids are potent analgesics broadly used for pain management; however, they can
produce dangerous side effects including addiction and respiratory depression. These …

Although α2 was the first neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) receptor subunit
to be cloned, due to its low level of expression in rodent brain, its study has largely been …

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal
dementia (ALS/FTD) are debilitating neurodegenerative diseases for which there are …

The habenular complex is a diencephalic structure divided into the medial and lateral
divisions that lie within the epithalamus of most vertebrates. This brain structure, whose …