During canonical translation, the ribosome moves along an mRNA from the start to the stop
codon in exact steps of one codon at a time. The collinearity of the mRNA and the protein …

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) ensures regulation of the protein pool in the cell by
ubiquitination of proteins followed by their degradation by the proteasome. It plays a central …

Since its first release in 2001 as mainly a software package for phylogenetic analysis, data
analysis for molecular biology and evolution (DAMBE) has gained many new functions that …

In mammals, one of the most pronounced consequences of viral infection is the induction of
type I interferons, cytokines with potent antiviral activity. Schlafen (Slfn) genes are a subset …

Equine influenza viruses (EIVs) of H3N8 subtype are culprits of severe acute respiratory
infections in horses, and are still responsible for significant outbreaks worldwide …

Viruses often deviate from their hosts in the nucleotide composition of their genomes. The
RNA genome of the lentivirus family of retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency …

Type I interferon (IFN) is one of the first lines of cellular defense against viral pathogens. As
a result of IFN signaling, a wide array of IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) products is upregulated …

Abstract mRNA translation is the fundamental process of decoding the information encoded
in mRNA molecules by the ribosome for the synthesis of proteins. The centrality of this …

Under the Baltimore nucleic acid-based virus classification scheme, the herpesvirus human
cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a Class I virus, meaning that it contains a double-stranded DNA …

The effective number of codons (N c) is a widely used index for characterizing codon usage
bias because it does not require a set of reference genes as does codon adaptation index …