The transition element molybdenum (Mo) needs to be complexed by a special cofactor in
order to gain catalytic activity. With the exception of bacterial Mo-nitrogenase, where Mo is a …

Allopurinol lowers blood pressure in adolescents and has other vasoprotective effects.
Whether similar benefits occur in older individuals remains unclear. We hypothesized that …

High-fat diets (HFDs) can induce health problems including gut microbiota dysbiosis and
cardiac dysfunction. In this study, we modulated the gut microbiota in mice to investigate …

Diabetes and its complications are caused by chronic glucotoxicity driven by persistent
hyperglycemia. In this article, we review the mechanisms of diabetic glucotoxicity by …

Introduction Xanthine oxidase (XO) is distributed in mammals largely in the liver and small
intestine, but also is highly active in milk where it generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with impaired major domains of
psychology and behavior. Individuals with PTSD also have increased co-morbidity with …

Trace elements are minerals present in living tissues in minute quantities. Some of them are
known to be nutritionally essential and the remainder is considered to be nonessential. The …

Almost all drug molecules become the substrates for oxidoreductase enzymes, get
metabolized into more hydrophilic products and eliminated from the body. These …

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common tumors found in the urinary bladder for both
male and female in western countries. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that high levels of …

Background Less than half of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) respond to
their first antidepressant trial. Our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of selective …