Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in many physiological processes and several lines of evidence
have indicated that NO plays a complex and diverse role in the modulation of pain. Nitric …

Pain is a classical sign of inflammation, and sensitization of primary sensory neurons (PSN)
is the most important mediating mechanism. This mechanism involves direct action of …

Women disproportionately suffer from many deep tissue pain conditions. Experimental
studies show that women have lower pain thresholds, higher pain ratings and less tolerance …

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) is associated with pain in the joint
(temporomandibular joint, TMJ) and muscles involved in mastication. TMD pain dissipates …

Pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region often occurs with no overt signs of injury or
inflammation. Although the etiology of TMJ-related pain may involve multiple factors, one …

We have recently demonstrated that gonadal steroid hormones decrease formalin‐induced
temporomandibular joint nociception in rats. Given that the attenuation of inflammation is a …

Estrogens have a multitude of effects on opioid systems and are thought to play a key role in
sexually dimorphic nociception and opioid antinociception. Heretofore, classical genomic …

Musculoskeletal health can be compromised by breast cancer treatment. In particular, bone
loss and arthralgias are prevalent side effects experienced by women treated with …

Females report temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain more than men and studies suggest
estrogen modulates this pain response. Our goal in this study was to determine genes that …

Understanding mechanism of neuropathic pain is too complex and involves both peripheral
and central pathophysiological phenomenon. Accordingly the treatment of neuropathic pain …