Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is commonly caused by vascular
injuries in cerebral large and small vessels and is a key driver of age-related cognitive …

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is considered the most frequent inflammatory demyelinating disease
of the central nervous system (CNS). It occurs with a variable prevalence across the world. A …

Leptomeninges, consisting of the pia mater and arachnoid, form a connective tissue
investment and barrier enclosure of the brain. The exact nature of leptomeningeal cells has …

Meninges cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord and contribute to protection and
immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS). How the meningeal layers …

Myeloid cells in the central nervous system (CNS), such as microglia, CNS-associated
macrophages (CAMs), dendritic cells and monocytes, are vital for steady-state immune …

Brain metastasis (BrM) is a common malignancy, predominantly originating from lung,
melanoma, and breast cancers. The vasculature is a key component of the BrM tumor …

Central nervous system (CNS) trauma activates a persistent repair response that leads to
fibrotic scar formation within the lesion. This scarring is similar to other organ fibrosis in …

The central nervous system (CNS) tightly regulates access of circulating immune cells.
Immunosurveillance is therefore managed in the meninges at the borders of the CNS. Here …

Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal
cord injury, are leading causes of long-term disability. It is estimated that more than half of …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is notorious for its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME)
and is refractory to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Here, we identify calmodulin …