Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are fundamental for macrophages to eliminate invasive
microorganisms. However, as observed in nonphagocytic cells, ROS play essential roles in …

Superoxide is a primary oxygen radical that is produced when an oxygen molecule receives
one electron. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays a primary role in the cellular defense …

Targeting nucleotide metabolism can not only inhibit tumor initiation and progression but
also exert serious side effects. With in-depth studies of nucleotide metabolism, our …

Living organisms use a large repertoire of anabolic and catabolic reactions to maintain their
physiological body functions, many of which include oxidation and reduction of substrates …

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that
generate superoxide or hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an …

Redox homeostasis refers to the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species
(ROS) as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and their elimination by antioxidants. It is …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well recognized for
playing a dual role, since they can be either deleterious or beneficial to biological systems …

Osteoporosis is becoming a major concern in the field of public health. The process of bone
loss is insidious and does not directly induce obvious symptoms. Complications indicate an …

Simple Summary The concentration of uric acid in blood is sex-, age-and diet-dependent
and is maintained close to its maximal solubility, indicating that it plays some important role …

Purinergic signaling is a cell communication pathway mediated by extracellular nucleotides
and nucleosides. Tri-and diphosphonucleotides are released in physiological and …