Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder
associated with a loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Despite symptomatic therapies, there …

SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, which has claimed millions of lives. This virus can infect
various cells and tissues, including the brain, for which numerous neurological symptoms …

The key link between renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and COVID-19 is ACE2 (angiotensin-
converting enzyme 2), which acts as a double-edged sword, because ACE2 increases the …

The role of autoimmunity in neurodegeneration has been increasingly suggested. The renin-
angiotensin system (RAS) autoantibodies play a major role in several peripheral …

The metabolic syndrome has been associated to chronic peripheral inflammation and
related with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, including Parkinson's disease …

The brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been related to dopaminergic degeneration,
and high expression of the angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1) gene is a marker of …

Depression is a mood disorder characterized by abnormal thoughts. The pathophysiology of
depression is related to the deficiency of serotonin (5HT), which is derived from tryptophan …

Tight connections between the brain and heart have attracted a considerable amount of
attention. This review focuses on the anatomical (extrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous …

Aging is an inevitable progressive decline in physiological organ function that increases the
chance of disease and death. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the …

Several studies showed an association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and
Parkinson's disease (PD). The linking mechanisms remain unclear. MetS promotes low …