Background There is an unmet need of pharmacological and non-pharmacological
treatment options for migraine patients. Exercise can be used in the treatment of several …

Epilepsy refers to a cluster of neurological diseases characterized by seizures. Although
many forms of epilepsy have a well-defined immune etiology, in other forms of epilepsy an …

Background Monoclonal antibodies against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its
receptor (anti-CGRP (-R) mAbs) and small-molecule CGRP receptor antagonists (gepants) …

The classic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is described as a circulating hormone system
focused on cardiovascular and body water regulation, with angiotensin II as its major …

The classic renin–angiotensin system (RAS) was initially described as a hormone system
designed to mediate cardiovascular and body water regulation, with angiotensin II as its …

Purpose To assess the effects of aerobic exercise (AE) on patients with migraine in terms of
pain intensity, frequency and duration of migraine, and quality of life. Methods A systematic …

Abstract Purpose of Review With this review, we aimed to investigate the effect of exercise
on migraine and explored the possibility of exercise as a treatment option for migraine …

Background Stress is the most commonly reported migraine trigger. Dynorphin, an
endogenous opioid peptide acting preferentially at kappa opioid receptors (KORs), is a key …

The brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has available the necessary functional
components to produce the active ligands angiotensins II (AngII), angiotensin III …

Although the triptan drugs provide effective relief from migraine for many patients, a
substantial number of affected individuals are unresponsive to these compounds, and such …