Hypocretin/orexin neurons are distributed restrictively in the hypothalamus, a brain region
known to orchestrate diverse functions including sleep, reward processing, food intake …

The neurobiology of sleep and substance abuse interconnects, such that alterations in one
process have consequences for the other. Acute exposure to drugs of abuse disrupts sleep …

The sleep cycle is characterized by alternating non–rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid
eye movement (REM) sleeps. The mechanisms by which this cycle is generated are …

Functional synapses in the central nervous system depend on a chemical signal exchange
process that involves neurotransmitter delivery between neurons and receptor cells in the …

Sleep-wake disorders are highly prevalent disorders, which can lead to negative effects on
cognitive, emotional and interpersonal functioning, and can cause maladaptive metabolic …

Roughly one-third of the human lifetime is spent in sleep, yet the reason for sleep remains
unclear. Understanding the physiologic function of sleep is crucial toward establishing …

Background The γ-aminobutyric acid–mediated (GABAergic) inhibitory system in the brain is
critical for regulation of sleep–wake and general anesthesia. The lateral septum contains …

Orexin A and orexin B are hypothalamic neuropeptides initially identified as endogenous
ligands for two orphan G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). A deficiency of orexin …

Reducing sleep hours is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular, metabolic, and
psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that reduction in sleep time …

The role of the dopaminergic pathway in general anesthesia and its potential mechanisms
are still unknown. In this study, we usedc-Fos staining combined with calcium fiber …