Abstract Organs-on-chips (OoCs) are systems containing engineered or natural miniature
tissues grown inside microfluidic chips. To better mimic human physiology, the chips are …

The failure of animal models to predict therapeutic responses in humans is a major problem
that also brings into question their use for basic research. Organ-on-a-chip (organ chip) …

Abstract Organs-on-chips (OoCs), also known as microphysiological systems or 'tissue
chips'(the terms are synonymous), have attracted substantial interest in recent years owing …

Nonclinical testing has served as a foundation for evaluating potential risks and
effectiveness of investigational new drugs in humans. However, the current two‐dimensional …

Research in cell biology greatly relies on cell-based in vitro assays and models that facilitate
the investigation and understanding of specific biological events and processes under …

Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a group of naturally occurring compounds present in many plant
species of the Aristolochiaceae family. Exposure to AA is a significant risk factor for severe …

The kidney consists of numerous cell types organized into the nephron, which is the basic
functional unit of the kidney. Any stimuli that induce loss of these cells can induce kidney …

Glucuronidation and sulfation are the most typical phase II metabolic reactions of drugs. The
resulting glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are generally considered inactive and safe …

Abstract Three-dimensional, organ-on-chip models that recapitulate kidney tissue are
needed for drug screening and disease modeling. Here, we report a method for creating a …

The kidney is frequently involved in adverse effects caused by exposure to foreign
compounds, including drugs. An early prediction of those effects is crucial for allowing novel …