Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the magnitude, breadth and durability of
the immune response. Following its introduction in the 1920s, alum remained the only …

Nanomedicines are extensively employed in cancer therapy. We here propose four strategic
directions to improve nanomedicine translation and exploitation.(1) Patient stratification has …

A series of epidemiological explorations has suggested a negative association between
national bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination policy and the prevalence and …

Innate immune memory is a vital mechanism of myeloid cell plasticity that occurs in
response to environmental stimuli and alters subsequent immune responses. Two types of …

Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of diseases in which dysregulated immune
responses have an important role. However, most of the immunotherapy strategies currently …

Infections in the first year of life are common and often severe. The newborn host
demonstrates both quantitative and qualitative differences to the adult in nearly all aspects of …

Background and aims Presence of comorbidities in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) have often been associated with increased in-hospital complications and …

Innate immunity is a semi‐specific and widely distributed form of immunity, which represents
the first line of defence against pathogens. This type of immunity is critical to maintain …

Recent evidence suggests that certain vaccines, including Bacillus-Calmette Guérin (BCG),
can induce changes in the innate immune system with non-specific memory characteristics …

The immune system probably evolved to limit the negative effects exerted by pathogens on
host homeostasis. This defence strategy relies on the concerted action of innate and …