Numerous mitochondrial constituents and metabolic products can function as damage-
associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and promote inflammation when released into the …

Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a
fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which …

The interaction between microglia and astrocytes significantly influences neuroinflammation.
Microglia/astrocytes, part of the neurovascular unit (NVU), are activated by various brain …

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is the most lethal subtype of stroke but currently lacks
effective treatment. Microglia are among the first non-neuronal cells on the scene during the …

Significance: Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a major pathological change after
intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and is both the cause and result of oxidative stress and of …

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a catastrophic illness causing significant
morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in surgical technique addressing primary brain …

Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in the defence against brain
damage. Their morphology and functional changes are correlated with the release of danger …

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and severe cerebrovascular disease that has
high mortality. Few survivors achieve self-care. Currently, patients receive only symptomatic …

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has one of the worst prognoses among patients with stroke.
Surgical measures have been adopted to relieve the mass effect of the hematoma, and …

The choroid plexus epithelium (CPE) secretes higher volumes of fluid (cerebrospinal fluid,
CSF) than any other epithelium and simultaneously functions as the blood–CSF barrier to …