In ischemic stroke, the primary neuronal injury caused by the disruption of energy supply is
further exacerbated by secondary sterile inflammation. The inflammatory cascade is largely …

Immune cells at sites of inflammation are continuously activated by local antigens and
cytokines, and regulatory mechanisms must be enacted to control inflammation. The …

Extracellular nucleotides, including ATP, are essential regulators of liver function and serve
as danger signals that trigger inflammation upon injury. Ectonucleotidases, which are …

Transplantation (Tx) remains the optimal therapy for end-stage disease (ESD) of various
solid organs. Although alloimmune events remain the leading cause of long-term allograft …

Background Innate immunity plays a fundamental role in solid organ transplantation.
Myeloid cells can sense danger signals or DAMPs released after tissue or cell damage …

Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a danger signal released by dying and
damaged cells, and it functions as an immunostimulatory signal that promotes inflammation …

A comparison of pre-clinical transplant models and of solid organs transplanted in routine
clinical practice demonstrates that the liver is most amenable to the development of …

Indefinite allograft acceptance after immunosuppression withdrawal (ISW), also known as
operational tolerance (OT), can occur spontaneously after liver transplantation (LT), but …

Sterile inflammation is the immune response to damage-associated molecular patterns
(DAMPs) released during cell death in the absence of foreign pathogens. In the setting of …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important in preventing acute rejection (AR) in solid organ
transplantation, but the clinical relevance of the different kinetics early after liver …