Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death in patients with chronic kidney
disease (CKD). Both conditions are rising in incidence as well as prevalence, creating poor …

Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of early death in the settings of chronic kidney
disease (CKD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and ageing. Cardiovascular events can be …

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an evolutionary conserved enzyme and widely used
biomarker in clinical practice. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) is one of …

Medial vascular calcification, associated with enhanced mortality in chronic kidney disease
(CKD), is fostered by osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle …

Recent years have seen an increase in the number of studies focusing on alkaline
phosphatases (APs), revealing an expanding complexity of function of these enzymes. Of …

Pathological calcification is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidities primarily in
population with chronic kidney disease (CKD), end stage renal diseases (ERSD) and …

Cardiovascular calcification (CVC) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. It
develops in several diseases and locations, such as in the tunica intima in atherosclerosis …

Biallelic mutations in ABCC6 cause pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a disease
characterized by calcification in the skin, eyes, and blood vessels. The function of ATP …

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a key enzyme responsible for skeletal
tissue mineralization. It is involved in the dephosphorylation of various physiological …

Medial arterial calcification (MAC) is a major complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
and an indicator of poor prognosis. Aortic overexpression of tissue‐nonspecific alkaline …