Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an evolutionary conserved enzyme and widely used
biomarker in clinical practice. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) is one of …

Objective: To develop evidence-based recommendations for safe, effective, and appropriate
treatment of secondary (SHPT) and tertiary (THPT) renal hyperparathyroidism. Background …

Background Phosphate binders are used to reduce positive phosphate balance and to lower
serum phosphate levels for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with the aim to …

Uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresol, or p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), are
markedly accumulated in the organs of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. These toxins …

Patients with ESRD commonly experience secondary hyperparathyroidism, a condition
primarily managed with activated injectable vitamin D. The biologic effects of vitamin D …

Hyperphosphatemia is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease
(CKD), particularly in those requiring renal replacement therapy. The importance of …

Vitamin D (VD) is a pro-hormone essential for life in higher animals. It is present in few types
of foods and is produced endogenously in the skin by a photochemical reaction. The final …

Background: Kidney disease has been identified as a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency in
hospitalized patients, and low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D have been suggested to be a …

Background and objectives: Subclinical primary hypothyroidism is highly prevalent in the
general population, especially in the elderly. However, the prevalence of subclinical primary …

Muscle wasting increases the morbidity and mortality associated with chronic kidney
disease (CKD) and has been attributed to malnutrition. In most patients, this is an incorrect …