Nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAp) is similar to human bone mineral in structure and biochemistry
and is, therefore, widely used as bone biomaterial and a drug carrier. Further, n-HAp …

Bone tissue engineering commonly encompasses the use of three-dimensional (3D)
scaffolds to provide a suitable microenvironment for the propagation of cells to regenerate …

Natural bone is a composite tissue made of organic and inorganic components, showing
piezoelectricity. Whitlockite (WH), which is a natural magnesium-containing calcium …

Three-dimensional (3D) printing and 3D bioprinting are promising technologies for a broad
range of healthcare applications from frontier regenerative medicine and tissue engineering …

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is one of the most recognized polymeric materials used for bone
tissue engineering scaffold fabrication. This study aims to evaluate the effects of the …

Three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques for scaffold fabrication have shown promising
advancements in recent years owing to the ability of the latest high-performance printers to …

The integration of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted scaffold's structure and function for
critical-size bone defect repair is of immense significance. Inspired by the basic component …

The treatment of infected bone defects is a major clinical challenge, which requires the
development of scaffolds to simultaneously eliminate infection and provide a suitable …

In clinical terms, bone grafting currently involves the application of autogenous, allogeneic,
or xenogeneic bone grafts, as well as natural or artificially synthesized materials, such as …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing can construct products with accurate complex
architecture. Engineered bone tissues that can promote vascularization and regulate …