Multiple studies in humans and animals have demonstrated the profound impact that
exercise can have on the immune system. There is a general consensus that regular bouts …

This review summarizes research discoveries within 4 areas of exercise immunology that
have received the most attention from investigators:(1) acute and chronic effects of exercise …

Background: Exercise leads to a robust inflammatory response mainly characterized by the
mobilization of leukocytes and an increase in circulating inflammatory mediators produced …

A wide array of molecular pathways has been investigated during the past decade in order
to understand the mechanisms by which the practice of physical exercise promotes …

Nutrition usually makes a small but potentially valuable contribution to successful
performance in elite athletes, and dietary supplements can make a minor contribution to this …

Epidemiological evidence indicates that regular physical activity and/or frequent structured
exercise reduces the incidence of many chronic diseases in older age, including …

Physical activity (PA) has been central in the life of our species for most of its history, and
thus shaped our physiology during evolution. However, only recently the health …

Immunosenescence is characterized by deterioration of the immune system caused by
aging which induces changes to innate and adaptive immunity. Immunosenescence affects …

Background Although there is substantial interest in intermittent fasting as a dietary
approach in active individuals, information regarding its effects in elite endurance athletes is …

The integrity and composition of the tumour microenvironment (TME) is highly plastic,
undergoing constant remodelling in response to instructive signals derived from alterations …