Autoantibodies are frequently observed in healthy individuals. In a minority of these
individuals, they lead to manifestation of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis …

In humans, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are synthesized in the thyroid gland in a
process that crucially involves the iodoglycoprotein thyroglobulin. The overall structure of …

Thyroid autoimmunity involves loss of tolerance to thyroid proteins in genetically susceptible
individuals in association with environmental factors. In central tolerance, intrathymic …

This paper provides the reader with an overview of our current knowledge of hypothalamic‐
pituitary‐thyroid feedback from a cybernetic standpoint. Over the past decades we have …

The TSH receptor (TSHR) is constitutively active and is further enhanced by TSH ligand
binding or by stimulating TSHR antibodies (TSHR-Abs) as seen in Graves' disease. TSH is …

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are a group of both B cell-and T cell-mediated organ-
specific autoimmune diseases. Graves' disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis are the two main …

Abstract Context: The immunopathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is still
incompletely understood. Attention has shifted from the TSH receptor (TSHR) to the IGF-I …

Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is a complication in Graves' disease (GD) but mechanistic insights
into pathogenesis remain unresolved, hampered by lack of animal model. The TSH receptor …

TSH receptor (TSHR) antibodies (Abs) may be stimulating, blocking, or neutral in their
functional influences and are found in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, especially …

The discovery of thyroid-stimulating autoantibodies by Adams and Purves 50 years ago was
one of the most important observations in the history of thyroidology. Since that time, the …