Trace fear memory requires the activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and is
sensitive to attention-distracting stimuli. Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of …

Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most commonly inherited form of mental retardation and
autism, is caused by transcriptional silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) …

Consciousness and emotion feature prominently in our personal lives, yet remain enigmatic.
Recent advances prompt further distinctions that should provide more experimental traction …

Headache is a chronic disease that occurs with varying frequency and results in varying
levels of disability. To date, the majority of research and clinical focus has been on the role …

Animals learn to fear conditioned sound stimuli (CSs) that accompany aversive
unconditioned stimuli (USs). Auditory cortex (ACx) circuits reorganize to support auditory …

Although pain-related excessive fear is known to be a key factor in chronic pain disability,
which involves the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), little is known about the downstream …

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a forebrain structure known for its roles in learning
and memory. Recent studies show that painful stimuli activate the prefrontal cortex and that …

The granular retrosplenial cortex (RSG) is critical for both spatial and non-spatial behaviors,
but the underlying neural codes remain poorly understood. Here, we use optogenetic circuit …

Anxiety disorders, such as phobias and posttraumatic stress disorder, are among the most
common mental disorders. Cognitive therapy helps in treating these disorders; however …

The present study explored fear acquisition in differential delay versus trace conditioning in
regard to the potential role of the acquired contingency awareness. One of two neutral …