Intervertebral disc (ID) degeneration (IDD) is one of the main causes of chronic low back
pain, and degenerative lesions are usually caused by an imbalance between catabolic and …

Objective To explore the repair effect of tissue engineering for annulus fibrosus (AF) injury in
stress-stimulation environment. Methods Non-adhesive fibrinogen (Fib) representing the …

Anterior longitudinal ligament and annulus fibrosus removal in total disc replacement
induces excessive spinal mobility with zygapophyseal joint overload and osteoarthritic …

Severe back injuries and chronic pain necessitate surgical replacement of damaged
intervertebral disc (IVD) cartilage in advanced disease stages. Bovine IVD tissue has been …

The pathological changes, such as lumbar disc degeneration caused by annulus fibrosus
(AF) defect, have always been challenging to overcome in clinical treatment, seriously …

Significant progress has been made in understanding pharmacokinetics (PK),
pharmacodynamics (PD), as well as toxicity profiles of therapeutic proteins in animals and …