Low energy availability (LEA) occurs inadvertently and purposefully in many athletes across
numerous sports; and well planned, supervised periods with moderate LEA can improve …

Bodybuilding is a competitive endeavor where a combination of muscle size, symmetry,“
conditioning”(low body fat levels), and stage presentation are judged. Success in …

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) was first introduced in 2014 by the International
Olympic Committee's expert writing panel, identifying a syndrome of deleterious health and …

Abstract Schoenfeld, BJ, Alto, A, Grgic, J, Tinsley, G, Haun, CT, Campbell, BI, Escalante, G,
Sonmez, GT, Cote, G, Francis, A, and Trexler, ET. Alterations in body composition, resting …

Methods The electronic databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE
were searched. Each author was responsible for a section of the manuscript. The …

Background Women bodybuilders build their ideal physique by manipulating their diet,
supplement, and exercise regimens to extreme levels. Excess protein intake and dietary …

Introduction Competing in aesthetic sports increases the risk of low energy availability and
associated health impairments. Fitness physique sport is a popular, but understudied …

Abstract Escalante, G, Barakat, C, Tinsley, GM, and Schoenfeld, BJ. Nutrition, training,
supplementation, and performance-enhancing drug practices of male and female physique …

Background To prepare for competition, bodybuilders employ strategies based around:
energy restriction, resistance training, cardiovascular exercise, isometric “posing”, and …

Depending on the nature of their sports, athletes may be engaged in successive weight loss
(WL) and regain, conducing to “weight cycling.” The aims of this paper were to systematically …