The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) is primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis, a
balance in internal environment (temperature, mood, and immune system) and energy input …

Background: There is a growing interest in the use of cannabis (and its extracts), as well as
CBD oil (hemp extracts containing cannabidiol), for therapeutic purposes. While there is …

Opioids are powerful drugs that usurp and overpower the reward function of endogenous
opioids and engage dramatic tolerance and withdrawal via molecular and neurocircuitry …

Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. The prohibition of
cannabis in the middle of the 20th century has arrested cannabis research. In recent years …

Importance Opioid analgesic overdose mortality continues to rise in the United States, driven
by increases in prescribing for chronic pain. Because chronic pain is a major indication for …

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a result of the sudden discontinuation of fetal
exposure to substances that were used or abused by the mother during pregnancy …

We estimate the effect of medical marijuana laws (MMLs) in ten states between 2004 and
2012 on adolescent and adult use of marijuana, alcohol, and other psychoactive …

Compulsive drug seeking that is associated with addiction is hypothesized to follow a
heuristic framework that involves three stages (binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect …

Introduction: The opioid epidemic has become an immense problem in North America, and
despite decades of research on the most effective means to treat opioid use disorder (OUD) …

For thousands of years, Cannabis sativa has been utilized as a medicine and for
recreational and spiritual purposes. Phytocannabinoids are a family of compounds that are …