The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a quality-control organelle for protein
homeostasis, or “proteostasis”. The protein quality control systems involve ER-associated …

Age-related macular degeneration is a leading cause of visual impairment and severe vision
loss. Clinically, it is classified as early-stage (medium-sized drusen and retinal pigmentary …

The blood–retina barrier (BRB) is the term used to define the properties of the retinal
capillaries and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which separate the systemic circulation …

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) is the leading vector for gene therapy in the
retina. As non-pathogenic, non-integrating, replication deficient vector, the recombinant virus …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in
adults over 50 years old. Genetic, epidemiological, and molecular studies are beginning to …

Clinical trials identified intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (anti-VEGF
agents) have the potential to stabilise or even improve visual acuity outcomes in …

Among older adults, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prevalent disabling
condition that begins as subtle visual disturbances and can progress to permanent loss of …

For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma,
and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently …

The blood retinal barrier (BRB) is a fundamental eye component, whose function is to select
the flow of molecules from the blood to the retina and vice-versa, and its integrity allows the …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the major cause of blindness in developed
nations. AMD is characterized by retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cell dysfunction and …