Background The insulin-like growth factor family of ligands (IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin),
receptors (IGF-IR, M6P/IGF-IIR, and insulin receptor [IR]), and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 …

Periodontitis involves the loss of connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone. Single cell
RNA-seq experiments have provided new insight into how resident cells and infiltrating …

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) results from a reduction in bone mass and
microarchitectural deterioration in bone tissue due to estrogen deficiency, which may …

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the underlying energy sources for animals and are
catabolized through specific biochemical cascades involving numerous enzymes. The …

Recently, the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus has made it a major chronic illness
which poses a substantial threat to human health. The prevalence of osteoporosis among …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is defined as a degenerative joint disease that can affect all tissues of the
joint, including the articular cartilage, subchondral bone, ligaments capsule, and synovial …

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is a polypeptide hormone with vital biological functions in
bone cells. The abnormal expression of IGF-1 has a serious effect on bone growth …

Periodontitis is a periodontal inflammatory condition that results from disrupted periodontal
host–microbe homeostasis, manifested by the destruction of tooth-supporting structures …

Osteoporosis is the prevalent metabolic bone disease characterized by a decrease in bone
quantity and/or quality and an increase in skeletal fragility, which increases susceptibility to …

In view of their exceptional approach, excellent inherent biocompatibility and
biodegradability properties, and interaction with the local extracellular matrix, protein-based …