Numerous factors affect reproduction, including stress, diet, obesity, the use of stimulants, or
exposure to toxins, along with heavy elements (lead, silver, cadmium, uranium, vanadium …

Introduction and objective: Many scientific reports confirm a systematic decline in male
semen parameters over the last decades. This phenomenon has been observed in all parts …

The present study investigated associations between environmental exposure to cobalt (Co)
and the levels of oxidative stress parameters and the antioxidant defense system in the …

The blood-testis barrier (BTB) plays a vital role in mammalian spermatogenesis by
separating the seminiferous epithelium into an adluminal and a basal compartment …

The effect of metallic elements on semen quality remains controversial, with limited evidence
on the effects of metal mixtures. We conducted a study involving 338 participants from …