The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function,
regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also …

Levodopa‐induced dyskinesia is a common complication in Parkinson disease. Pathogenic
mechanisms include phasic stimulation of dopamine receptors, nonphysiological levodopa …

Dopamine is derived from an amino acid, phenylalanine, which must be obtained through
the diet. Dopamine, known primarily to be a neurotransmitter involved in almost any higher …

The variety of physiological functions controlled by dopamine in the brain and periphery is
mediated by the D 1, D 2, D 3, D 4 and D 5 dopamine GPCRs. Drugs acting on dopamine …

Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Dopamine is well recognized as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and regulates critical
functions in a variety of peripheral systems. Growing research has also shown that …

Most evidence indicates that, as for family CG protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), family A
GPCRs form homo-and heteromers. Homodimers seem to be a predominant species, with …

A great deal of experimental evidence suggests that ligands can stabilize different receptor
active states that go on to interact with cellular signaling proteins to form a range of different …

The introduction of atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) since the discovery of its prototypical drug
clozapine has been a revolutionary pharmacological step for treating psychotic patients as …

Dopamine (DA) and DA receptors (DR) have been extensively studied in the central nervous
system (CNS), but their role in the periphery is still poorly understood. Here we summarize …