Abstract Pediatric coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection is relatively mild when
compared to adults, and children are reported to have a better prognosis. Mortality in …

Most SARS-CoV2 infections will not develop into severe COVID-19. However, in some
patients, lung infection leads to the activation of alveolar macrophages and lung epithelial …

Macrophages are first responders for the immune system. In this role, they have both effector
functions for neutralizing pathogens and sentinel functions for alerting other immune cells of …

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by a positive-stranded RNA virus called
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), belonging to the …

Trained immunity is a type of non-specific memory-like immune response induced by some
pathogens and vaccines, such as BCG, which can confer antigen-independent protection …

Most vaccines require multiple doses to induce long-lasting protective immunity in a high
frequency of vaccines, and to ensure strong both individual and herd immunity. Repetitive …

Traditional vaccines are difficult to deploy against the diverse antimicrobial-resistant,
nosocomial pathogens that cause health care–associated infections. We developed a …

Global control of COVID-19 requires broadly accessible vaccines that are effective against
SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this report, we exploit the immunostimulatory properties of bacille …

Is BCG vaccination affecting the spread and severity of COVID-19? C, Effects of BCG
vaccination on COVID-19 pandemics in European countries [BCG-vaccinated countries (n …

Background. The threat of contagious infectious diseases is constantly evolving as
demographic explosion, travel globalization, and changes in human lifestyle increase the …