Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important in regulating normal cellular processes
whereas deregulated ROS leads to the development of a diseased state in humans …

Autophagy is an intracellular degradative process that occurs under several stressful
conditions, including organelle damage, the presence of abnormal proteins, and nutrient …

Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has been detected in various cancers
and has been shown to have several roles, for example, they can activate pro-tumourigenic …

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor that mainly occurs in adolescents. It is
accompanied by a high rate of lung metastasis, and high mortality. Recent studies have …

Cell death is an essential biological process for physiological growth and development.
Three classical forms of cell death—apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis—display distinct …

Metastasis consists of hallmark events, including Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT),
angiogenesis, initiation of inflammatory tumor microenvironment, and malfunctions in …

Autophagy, originally found in liver experiments, is a cellular process that degrades
damaged organelle or protein aggregation. This process frees cells from various stress …

Oxygen availability, along with the abundance of nutrients (such as glucose, glutamine,
lipids and albumin), fluctuates significantly during tumour evolution and the recruitment of …

Programmed cell death (PCD), referring to apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis,
is proposed to be death of a cell in any pathological format, when mediated by an …

TOR (target of rapamycin), an evolutionarily-conserved serine/threonine kinase, acts as a
central regulator of cell growth, proliferation and survival in response to nutritional status …