Oligodeoxynucleotides containing deoxycytidyl-deoxyguanosine dinucleotides (CpG ODNs)
activate the host immune system, leading to innate and acquired immune responses. The …

Introduction Gold nanoparticles are versatile carriers for delivery of biomacromolecules.
Here, we have developed spiky gold nanoparticles (SGNPs) that can efficiently deliver …

Cancer in general is a multifactorial process. Targeting a single factor may not be optimal in
therapy, because single agents are limited by incomplete efficacy and dose-limiting adverse …

The genomes of bacterial and viral DNA contain a much higher frequency of unmethylated
CpG dinucleotides than those of vertebrates. This difference in genome structure allows the …

Oligodeoxynucleotides containing a CpG motif and double-or multistranded structure-
forming sequences act as agonists of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and induce high levels of …

Abstract Cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) DNA is known to increase the potency of
vaccines. Here, in vitro and in vivo stimulation of toll-like receptor 9 by CpG DNA …

We recently showed that 5′-terminal secondary structures in CpG DNA affect activity
significantly more than those at the 3′-end [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 306 (2003) …

In this paper, different cationic polymers were investigated as a DNA delivery system both in
vitro in dendritic and muscle cells and in vivo, in a murine model. Expression of the reporter …

IYXQQOMXWUAAOK-JJSXZHHUSA-N 2-[(2S, 3S, 4R, 5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3, 4-
dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-1-[4-(bromomethyl) phenyl]-2-hydroxyethanone Chemical compound …

Based on the current understanding of TLR9 recognition of CpG ODN, we have tried to
design a series of CpG ODNs that display double stem-loops when being analyzed for their …