Bone fragility is a major health concern, as the increased risk of bone fractures has
devastating outcomes in terms of mortality, decreased autonomy, and healthcare costs …

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are an antacid drug often used in acid-related disorders. They
decrease acid secretion in the stomach by blocking an enzyme called H+/K+ ATPase which …

Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a gray‐level textural index of bone microarchitecture derived
from lumbar spine dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) images. TBS is a bone mineral …

Bone mineral density (BMD) as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the
gold standard for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. However, BMD explains …

Purpose Trabecular bone score (TBS) is a grey-level textural measurement acquired from
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry lumbar spine images and is a validated index of bone …

Half of fragility fractures occur in individuals with nonosteoporotic BMD (BMD T‐score>–2.5);
however, there is no information on postfracture adverse events of subsequent fracture and …

Background Osteoporosis is an abnormal reduction in bone mass and bone deterioration
leading to increased fracture risk. Risedronate belongs to the bisphosphonate class of drugs …

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is the most common bone disease, associated with low bone
mineral density (BMD) and pathological fractures which lead to significant morbidity. It is …

Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disabling disease characterized by a
symmetrical articular involvement due to ongoing joint inflammation, if left insufficiently …

Melatonin is the primary circadian output signal from the brain and is mainly synthesized in
pinealocytes. The rhythm and secretion of melatonin are under the control of an …