This article summarizes anatomical, neurophysiological, pharmacological, and brain
imaging studies in humans and animals that have provided insights into the neural circuitry …

Micturition, or urination, occurs involuntarily in infants and young children until the age of 3
to 5 years, after which it is regulated voluntarily. The neural circuitry that controls this process …

Background Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is the most commonly used physical therapy
treatment for women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). It is sometimes also …

The detrusor smooth muscle is the main muscle component of the urinary bladder wall. Its
ability to contract over a large length interval and to relax determines the bladder function …

In 1929 Drury and Szent-Györgyi published a seminal paper describing the potent actions of
adenine compounds. Some decades later, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was proposed …

Introduction The normal bladder functions, storage and elimination of urine, are based on a
coordinated interplay of reciprocal contraction and relaxation of the bladder and the outflow …

NO was first characterized in the CNS as the intercellular messenger mediating the increase
in cyclic GMP levels that follows activation of glutamate receptors (Garthwaite et al., 1988) …

In the urinary bladder, the capsaicin-gated ion channel TRPV1 is expressed both within
afferent nerve terminals and within the epithelial cells that line the bladder lumen. To …

The mammalian urinary tract is a contiguous hollow‐organ system whose primary function is
to collect, transport, store, and expel urine periodically and in a highly coordinated fashion …

The lower urinary tract constitutes a functional unit controlled by a complex interplay
between the central and peripheral nervous systems and local regulatory factors. In the …