Obesity leads to chronic, systemic inflammation and can lead to insulin resistance (IR), β-cell
dysfunction, and ultimately type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chronic inflammatory state …

Cellular hypoxia occurs when the demand for sufficient molecular oxygen needed to
produce the levels of ATP required to perform physiological functions exceeds the vascular …

Over the last two decades, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an endogenous
regulator of a broad range of physiological functions. H2S belongs to the class of molecules …

Lipid droplets (LDs) are complex and metabolically active organelles. They are composed of
a neutral lipid core surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids and proteins. LD …

Kidney damage varies according to the primary insult. Different aetiologies of acute kidney
injury (AKI), including kidney ischaemia, exposure to nephrotoxins, dehydration or sepsis …

Obesity is the most common cause of insulin resistance, and the current obesity epidemic is
driving a parallel rise in the incidence of T2DM. It is now widely recognized that chronic …

The proximal tubule is a key regulator of kidney function and glucose metabolism. Diabetic
kidney disease leads to proximal tubule injury and changes in chromatin accessibility that …

In chronic kidney disease, anemia and disordered iron homeostasis are prevalent and
associated with significant adverse consequences. In 2012, Kidney Disease: Improving …

High-Altitude Travel with Medical Problems Travel to high altitude is increasing. The authors
discuss physiological changes at high altitude, pretravel evaluation for common medical …

Background Vadadustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, a
class of compounds that stimulate endogenous erythropoietin production. Methods We …