Background There remains uncertainty about the impact of menopausal hormone therapy
(MHT) on women's health. A systematic, comprehensive assessment of the effects on …

Males enjoy physical performance advantages over females within competitive sport. The
sex-based segregation into male and female sporting categories does not account for …

Sarcopenia is defined as an age associated decline in skeletal muscle mass. The
pathophysiology of sarcopenia is multifactorial, with decreased caloric intake, muscle fiber …

Sex‐related differences in physiology and anatomy are responsible for profound differences
in neuromuscular performance and fatigability between men and women. Women are …

Estrogen is an essential sex steroid hormone that functions primarily in female reproductive
system, as well as in a variety of tissues and organs with pleiotropic effects, such as in …

Human menopause is widely associated with impaired skeletal muscle quality and
significant metabolic dysfunction. These observations pose significant challenges to the …

Menopause is a major life event that can affect women in several ways. Its onset marks the
end of the reproductive life cycle, and its impact can be both short and long term …

Activity of estrogen, a sex steroid hormone, is not only limited to the reproductive organs but
also involves other organs and tissues, including skeletal muscle. In postmenopausal …

Skeletal muscle weakness occurs with aging and in females this is compounded by the loss
of estrogen with ovarian failure. Estrogen deficiency mediates decrements in muscle …

Aging is associated with a loss of sex hormone in both men (andropause) and women
(menopause). In men, reductions in testosterone can trigger declines in muscle mass, bone …