Depending on its nature, duration, and intensity, stress can exert potent and bidirectional
modulatory effects on pain, either reducing pain (stress-induced analgesia) or exacerbating …

Noxious stimuli are thought to modify the activity of several populations of central nervous
system (CNS) cells, which underlie the sensory-discriminative and motivational-affective …

The present study describes a new test of tonic pain to be used as an animal model of
persistent pain. First, pain responses and edema produced by subcutaneous injection of …

Evidence in the past decade indicates that the mechanisms of anti-nociception of
electroacupuncture (EAc) involve actions of neuropeptides (ie, enkephalin and endorphin) …

The behavioural response to formalin-induced persistent pain was examined in male and
female rats both unfamiliar and familiar with the test apparatus. Rats were subcutaneously …

The formalin test was used to measure the analgesia induced by restraint in male and
female rats. Animals were restrained for 30 min or left undisturbed in their cage and then (1) …

The competitive CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A was used to test the hypothesis that
endogenous cannabinoids modulate tonic pain sensitivity. Pretreatment with the antagonist …

It has been reported that stress can alter nociception from superficial tissues, such as skin
and subcutaneous region. However, the influence of stress on an experimental deep …

Subcutaneous injection of formalin produces a biphasic pain response: an early, transient
phase followed by a late tonic phase. The present study examined the involvement of the N …

Although the dentate gyrus (DG) as a component of the hippocampal formation has been
well known for its role in memory, various studies showed a diverse population of unique …