Bacterial conjugation, also referred to as bacterial sex, is a major horizontal gene transfer
mechanism through which DNA is transferred from a donor to a recipient bacterium by direct …

Infections caused by antibiotic‐resistant bacteria are a major public health threat. The
emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment or clinical …

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have emerged as major pathogens in healthcare-
associated facilities, being S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus and, more recently, S …

In this review an overview is given on antibiotic resistance (AR) mechanisms with special
attentions to the AR genes described so far preceded by a short introduction on the …

Restriction-modification (RM) systems are ubiquitous and are often considered primitive
immune systems in bacteria. Their diversity and prevalence across the prokaryotic kingdom …

The vast majority of bacteria, including human pathogens and microbiome species, lack
genetic tools needed to systematically associate genes with phenotypes. This is the major …

Bacteriophages occupy a unique position in biology, representing an absolute majority of all
organisms in the biosphere. Because their genomes are relatively small, elucidating the …

Bacteria have a range of distinct immune strategies that provide protection against
bacteriophage (phage) infections. While much has been learned about the mechanism of …

Bacteria and archaea use CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems to defend themselves
from infection by bacteriophages (phages). These RNA-guided nucleases are powerful …

Type I restriction enzymes (REases) are large pentameric proteins with separate restriction
(R), methylation (M) and DNA sequence-recognition (S) subunits. They were the first …