In this article we introduce the concept of inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW)
and describe how this method can be applied to adjust for measured confounding in …

It is increasingly important to accurately and comprehensively estimate the effects of
particular clinical treatments. Although randomization is the current gold standard …

Objective To evaluate whether early initiation of prophylactic anticoagulation compared with
no anticoagulation was associated with decreased risk of death among patients admitted to …

Importance Women with epilepsy frequently need antiseizure medication (ASM) to prevent
seizures in pregnancy. Risk of neurodevelopmental disorders after prenatal exposure to …

Background Type 2 diabetes and obesity, as states of chronic inflammation, are risk factors
for severe COVID-19. Metformin has cytokine-reducing and sex-specific immunomodulatory …

Propensity score (PS) methods offer certain advantages over more traditional regression
methods to control for confounding by indication in observational studies. Although …

Importance Although wait times for hip fracture surgery have been linked to mortality and are
being used as quality-of-care indicators worldwide, controversy exists about the duration of …

Estimating individual treatment effects from observational data is challenging due to
treatment selection bias. Prevalent methods mainly mitigate this issue by aligning different …

We show that propensity score matching (PSM), an enormously popular method of
preprocessing data for causal inference, often accomplishes the opposite of its intended …

PURPOSE Gastric cancer (GC) with peritoneal metastases (PMs) is a poor prognostic
evolution. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) yields promising results, but the impact of …