Bacterial infections caused by 'superbugs' are increasing globally, and conventional
antibiotics are becoming less effective against these bacteria, such that we risk entering a …

This review is an updated and expanded version of the five prior reviews that were
published in this journal in 1997, 2003, 2007, 2012, and 2016. For all approved therapeutic …

Increasing antibiotic resistance in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-
GNB) presents significant health problems worldwide, since the vital available and effective …

Colistin regained global interest as a consequence of the rising prevalence of multidrug-
resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae. In parallel, colistin-resistant bacteria emerged …

Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes represent an emerging challenge. Here we describe
a novel mcr gene, mcr-10, on an IncFIA plasmid of an Enterobacter roggenkampii clinical …

At the present time, the polymyxin antibiotic colistin is considered a last-line treatment option
for severe human infections caused by multi-drug and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative …

Antibiotics are frequently used in food animal production in developing countries to promote
the well-being and growth of animals. This practice provides some economic benefits to …

Colistin has been extensively used since the middle of the last century in animals,
particularly in swine, for the control of enteric infections. Colistin is presently considered the …

The identification of the first mobile colistin resistance (MCR) gene, mcr-1, in 2015 triggered
a rash of mcr screening reports. Subsequently, nine MCR-family genes and their variants …

Following their initial discovery in the 1940s, polymyxin antibiotics fell into disfavor due to
their potential clinical toxicity, especially nephrotoxicity. However, the dry antibiotic …