Abnormal liver function has dramatic effects on brain functions. Hyperammonemia interferes
profoundly with brain metabolism, astrocyte volume regulation, and in particular …

Astrocytes are emerging in the neuroscience field as crucial modulators of brain functions,
from the molecular control of synaptic plasticity to orchestrating brain-wide circuit activity for …

Several types of surgical procedures have shown to elicit an inflammatory stress response,
leading to substantial cytokine production and formation of oxygen-based or nitrogen-based …

The role and coexistence of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation in type C hepatic
encephalopathy (C HE) is a subject of intense debate. Under normal conditions the …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a critical clinical complication. There is a consensus that
ammonia plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of HE. Ammonia is a neurotoxin which …

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a cytosolic enzyme that produces glutamine, the most
abundant free amino acid in the human body. Glutamine is a major substrate for various …

This study investigated the effects of ammonia (NH 3) exposure (0, 15, 25, and 35 ppm) on
growth performance and cytokines in the serum, trachea, and ileum of broilers. A total of 288 …

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) is the most abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS)
within mammalian cells. At low concentrations, H 2 O 2 serves as a versatile cell signaling …

Ammonia stress in aquaculture systems poses a great threat to the growth and survival of
the Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Although the ammonia stress tolerance …

Results It was found that plasma and brain ammonia was increased, and markers of liver
injury were significantly elevated in the cirrhotic group. Impaired locomotor activity was also …