Life expectancy is increasing throughout the world and coincides with a rise in non-
communicable diseases (NCDs), especially for metabolic disease that includes diabetes …

Metabolic disorders and diabetes (DM) impact more than five hundred million individuals
throughout the world and are insidious in onset, chronic in nature, and yield significant …

Microglia account for approximately fifteen percent of the cell population in the brain and
spinal cord. These cells, considered to be family members of glial cells, have an active role …

Mitochondria are critical organelles in cells. Mitochondria are found in animal, fungi, and
plant cells and use aerobe respiration to provide energy to the cell through the generation of …

Depression is a disorder in the mental health of an individual that leads to a low level of
activity and feelings of despair and hopelessness [1-3]. Depression can lead to the inability …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated disease of the central nervous system
characterized by inflammation, demyelination and chronic progressive neurodegeneration …

Objective: Spasticity is a common complication in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS).
The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical, biomechanical, and functional effects of dry …

Cognitive impairment is one of the most significant burdens among the many neurological
complaints in multiple sclerosis patients. Cognitive deficits negatively impact these patients' …