Background: Over the past twenty years explicit gender bias toward women in surgery has
been replaced by more subtle barriers, which represent indirect forms of discrimination and …

Background Despite the increasing numbers of female medical students, surgery remains
male-dominated. Purpose To highlight the principal career obstacles experienced by …

Background Diversity in surgery has been shown to improve mentorship and patient care.
Diversity has improved among general surgery (GS) trainees but is not the case for …

Objectives/Hypothesis Characterization of leadership within otolaryngology is key to
evaluating trends and promoting program advancement. This study evaluates …

Introduction In order to care for an increasingly diverse population, the surgical workforce
must improve in gender, racial, and ethnic diversity. We aim to identify deficiencies in the …

Background Women are underrepresented at higher levels of promotion or leadership
despite the increasing number of women physicians. In surgery, this has been compounded …

Background Although women are increasingly represented in American surgery, data
regarding sex and academic rank of the leadership of fellowship programs are lacking …

Importance Although men are increasingly involved in childrearing, little is known about
paternity leave in surgical residency. Conflict between professional and family duties …

BACKGROUND: There has been a recent focus on sex-based disparities within the field of
academic surgery. However, the proportion of female surgeons conducting NIH-funded …

Objective: The objective of this study is to systematically synthesize the existing literature on
the experiences of motherhood in female surgeons both during surgical training and as staff …