Cilia and flagella are fundamental units of motion in cellular biology. These beating, hair-like
organelles share a common basic structure but maintain widely varying functions in systems …

This chapter summarizes the ways that larvae respond behaviorally to the biotic and abiotic
attributes of their environment while swimming. Most larvae are heavier than seawater and …

Life cycles that incorporate discrete, morphologically distinct phases predom inate among
animals. One explanation for the abundance and long-term per sistence of complex life …

90 STRATHMANN may be associated with small parental investment per offspring.(x)
Unreliable rules for evolutionary inferences include the assumptions that primitive traits are …

Motivated by discrepancies between two recent descriptions of the suspension-feeding
mechanism employed by echinoderm larvae, I describe particle captures by the larvae of …

This chapter examines the origin and diversification of metazoan larvae and developmental
modes. It discusses the major features of larval evolution, and considers their developmental …

Reduction in global ocean pH due to the uptake of increased atmospheric CO2 is expected
to negatively affect calcifying organisms, including the planktonic larval stages of many …

We compared morphology of two geographically close populations of the tropical lizard
Tropidurus hispidus to test the hypothesis that habitat structure influences the evolution of …

The switch from feeding to nonfeeding larvae is an ecologically important transformation that
has evolved on several separate occasions within the echinoids. In each case, this life …

The modern biosphere owes its idiosyncratic expression to the activities of oxygen
metabolizing organisms, especially animals and eukaryotes (Butterfield, 2011). And with a …