Once thought to be a waste product of anaerobic metabolism, lactate is now known to form
continuously under aerobic conditions. Shuttling between producer and consumer cells …

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has emerged as a powerful technique for the high resolution
visualization of biological processes within deep tissue. Through the development and …

Herein, we use lessons learned in exercise physiology and metabolism to propose that
augmented lactate production ('lactagenesis'), initiated by gene mutations, is the reason and …

As the mainstay in the treatment of various cancers, chemotherapy plays a vital role, but still
faces many challenges, such as poor tumour selectivity and multidrug resistance (MDR) …

Cancer chemotherapy resistance (MDR) is the innate and/or acquired ability of cancer cells
to evade the effects of chemotherapeutics and is one of the most pressing major dilemmas in …

Although cancer is a diverse set of diseases, cancer cells share a number of adaptive
hallmarks. Dysregulated pH is emerging as a hallmark of cancer because cancers show …

Intense interest in the'Warburg effect'has been revived by the discovery that hypoxia-
inducible factor 1 (HIF1) reprogrammes pyruvate oxidation to lactic acid conversion; lactic …

The pH of the tumor microenvironment drives the metastatic phenotype and
chemotherapeutic resistance of tumors. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this pH …

Abnormal choline metabolism is emerging as a metabolic hallmark that is associated with
oncogenesis and tumour progression. Following transformation, the modulation of enzymes …

If carcinogenesis occurs by somatic evolution, then common components of the cancer
phenotype result from active selection and must, therefore, confer a significant growth …