Neurodegenerative diseases pose a substantial socioeconomic burden on society.
Unfortunately, the aging world population and lack of effective cures foreshadow a negative …

Thyroid hormones (THs) play an obligatory role in many fundamental processes underlying
brain development and maturation. The developing embryo/fetus is dependent on maternal …

This paper describes the first implementation of an array of two-dimensional (2D) layered
conductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as drop-casted film electrodes that facilitate …

Learned and adaptive behaviors rely on neural circuits that flexibly couple the same sensory
input to alternative output pathways. Here, we show that the Drosophila mushroom body …

Comprehensive reference on the nature of motivation and emotion, thoroughly updated with
the latest research and findings in the field Understanding Motivation and Emotion seeks to …

The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the
causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that …

This paper presents a biopsychological theory of drug addiction, the 'Incentive-Sensitization
Theory'. The theory addresses three fundamental questions. The first is: why do addicts …

Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1–27,
1998. The effects of lesions, receptor blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse …

What roles do mesolimbic and neostriatal dopamine systems play in reward? Do they
mediate the hedonic impact of rewarding stimuli? Do they mediate hedonic reward learning …

The hypothesis that dopamine is important for reward has been proposed in a number of
forms, each of which has been challenged. Normally, rewarding stimuli such as food, water …