Several non-redundant features of the tumour microenvironment facilitate
immunosuppression and limit anticancer immune responses. These include physical …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a promising and rapidly expanding
therapeutic option for a wide range of human malignancies. Despite the ongoing progress of …

Microbial organisms have key roles in numerous physiological processes in the human
body and have recently been shown to modify the response to immune checkpoint …

Cellular and stromal components including tumor cells, immune cells, mesenchymal cells,
cancer-linked fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix, constituent tumor microenvironment …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment landscape for a number of
cancers over the last few decades. Nevertheless, a majority of patients still do not benefit …

Viruses elicit cell and organismic stress, and offset homeostasis. They trigger intrinsic, innate
and adaptive immune responses, which limit infection. Viruses restore homeostasis by …

Oncolytic viruses (OV) are an attractive prospect due to their dual attack mechanism of direct
cell lysis and potentiation of an antitumor immune response. Various oncolytic viral vectors …

Oncolytic virotherapy is a therapeutic approach that uses replication-competent viruses to
kill cancers. The ability of oncolytic viruses to selectively replicate in cancer cells leads to …

Functional tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells elicited by therapeutic cancer vaccination in
combination with oncolytic viruses offer opportunities to address resistance to checkpoint …

Cytokines have proven to be effective for cancer therapy, however whilst low-dose
monotherapy with cytokines provides limited therapeutic benefit, high-dose treatment can …