Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious neuropsychiatric complication of cirrhosis and/or
porto-systemic shunting. The clinical symptoms are widely variable, extending from subtle …

The syndrome we refer to as Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) was first characterized by a team
of Nobel Prize winning physiologists led by Pavlov and Nencki at the Imperial Institute of …

Astrocytes assume multiple roles in maintaining an optimally suited milieu for neuronal
function. Select astrocytic functions include the maintenance of redox potential, the …

Systemic inflammation is common in liver failure and its acquisition is a predictor of hepatic
encephalopathy severity. New studies provide convincing evidence for a role of …

Cerebral oedema is a devastating consequence of acute liver failure (ALF) and may be
associated with the development of intracranial hypertension and death. In ALF, some …

Human adults produce around 1000 mmol of ammonia daily. Some is reutilized in
biosynthesis. The remainder is waste and neurotoxic. Eventually most is excreted in urine as …

Astrocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and
ammonia toxicity, whereas little is known about microglia and neuroinflammation under …

This working group of the International Society of Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen
Metabolism (ISHEN) was commissioned to summarize and update current efforts in the …

The face of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is changing. This review explores how this
neurocognitive disorder, which is associated with both acute and chronic liver injury, has …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with both acute
and chronic liver dysfunction, spanning a spectrum that ranges from mild …