Ischemic stroke after cerebral artery occlusion is one of the major causes of chronic disability
worldwide. Interleukins (ILs) play a bidirectional role in ischemic stroke through information …

Current success of immunotherapy in cancer has drawn attention to the subsets of TH cells
in the tumor which are critical for activation of anti-tumor response either directly by …

Several immune and immunocompetent cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages,
adipocytes, natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells, are significantly correlated with the …

Cytokines are major regulators of innate and adaptive immunity that enable cells of the
immune system to communicate over short distances. Cytokine therapy to activate the …

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a central T cell cytokine that promotes T cell proliferation and effector
function; however, toxicity due to its pluripotency limits its application to enhance CAR T cell …

The outstanding clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade has revived the interest in
underlying mechanisms of the immune system that are capable of eliminating tumors even …

Blockade of PD-L1 expression on tumor cells via anti–PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb)
has shown great promise for successful cancer treatment by overcoming T-cell exhaustion; …

The emergence of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed death-1 (PD-1)–
targeted therapy has demonstrated the importance of the PD-L1: PD-1 interaction in …

Cytokines exert powerful immunomodulatory effects that are critical to physiology and
pathology in humans. The application of natural cytokines in clinical studies has not been …

ABSTRACT Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is one of the key cytokines with pleiotropic effects on immune
system. It has been approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and …