The positive feedback loop of activated regulatory T cells (aTregs) and M2 macrophages
(M2) play a vital role in promoting the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment of head …

Despite numerous FDA-approved treatment and diagnostic approaches, cancer is one of the
leading causes of death worldwide due to delayed diagnostics and the limited efficacy of …

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) forms a major health problem in many countries. For
several decades the management of OSCC consisted of surgery with or without …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex macromolecular network filled with a series
of stromal cells. It plays an important role in tumorigenesis, development, immune escape …

Catalytic therapy utilizing special substances (eg, hydrogen peroxide and glucose) in tumor
sites has attracted wide interest to achieve tumor‐specific therapy or improve the efficacy of …

Lactic acid (LA) is a powerful molecule as the metabolic driver in tumor microenvironments
(TMEs). Inspired by its high intratumoral level (5–20 µmol g− 1), a novel treatment paradigm …

Cancer immunotherapy (CIT) is considered a revolutionary advance in the fight against
cancer. The complexity of the immune microenvironment determines the success or failure …

Despite great efforts and achievement of nanomaterials in immune-associated diseases, the
selection of appropriate nanomaterials and preparation technology remain some challenges …

There are several human viruses and bacteria currently known to be associated with cancer.
A common theme indicates that these microorganisms have evolved mechanisms to hamper …

The extraordinary growth and progression of tumor require enormous nutrient and energy.
Unregulated behaviors of cancer cell progressing and persistently change of tumor …