The heavy metal pollution is a worldwide problem and has received a serious concern for
the ecosystem and human health. In the last decade, remediation of the agricultural polluted …

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis occurs between obligate biotrophic fungi of the
phylum Glomeromycota and most land plants. The exchange of nutrients between host …

Heavy metal accumulation in plants is a severe environmental problem, rising at an
expeditious rate. Heavy metals such as cadmium, arsenic, mercury and lead are known …

Heavy metals are widely distributed in the environment due to the natural processes and
anthropogenic human activities. Their migration into no contaminated areas contributing …

The global industrialization and modernization have witnessed a rapid progress made in
agricultural production, along with the issue of soil heavy metal (HM) pollution, which has …

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant that causes health hazard to living organisms.
Melatonin (MT) has emerged as a ubiquitous pleiotropic molecule capable of coordinating …

The functions of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, molybdenum, boron, and chlorine in
plants are discussed. Iron (Fe) plays a crucial role in redox systems in cells and various …

The acerbic elevation of toxic metal ions in arable lands, enhance the risk of their
accumulation and biomagnification in crops as well as in humans. Phytoremediation is an …

Orchids are associated with diverse fungal taxa, including nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi
as well as mycorrhizal fungi. The orchid mycorrhizal (OM) symbiosis is an excellent model …

Soil cadmium (Cd) contamination has become a massive environmental problem. Kenaf is
an industrial fiber crop with high tolerance to heavy metals and could be potentially used for …