This article summarizes anatomical, neurophysiological, pharmacological, and brain
imaging studies in humans and animals that have provided insights into the neural circuitry …

The urothelium, which lines the inner surface of the renal pelvis, the ureters, and the urinary
bladder, not only forms a high-resistance barrier to ion, solute and water flux, and …

Cough is the most common reason for patients to visit a primary care physician, yet it
remains an unmet medical need. It can be idiopathic in nature but can also be a …

This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, ie, ATP released from nerves as a
transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre-and …

Inappropriate or prolonged inflammation is the main cause of many diseases; for this reason
it is important to understand the physiological mechanisms that terminate inflammation in …

Highlights•Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) cation channels are
involved in multiple physiological processes.•HCN channels are excellent targets of various …

We possess an acute sense of temperature. Most of us seek shade on a hot summer day,
prefer a warm shower to a cold one, and enjoy red wines served at a temperature of 15–18° …

Purinergic signaling plays important roles in control of vascular tone and remodeling. There
is dual control of vascular tone by ATP released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from …

Purinergic neurotransmission, involving release of ATP as an efferent neurotransmitter was
first proposed in 1972. Later, ATP was recognised as a cotransmitter in peripheral nerves …

Purines have key roles in neurotransmission and neuromodulation, with their effects being
mediated by the purine and pyrimidine receptor subfamilies, P1, P2X and P2Y. Recently …